Baltimore bridge collapse puts the highly specialized role of ship’s pilot under the spotlight

The expert pilots who navigate massive ships in and out of the Baltimore port must often maneuver with just 2 feet (0.6 meter) of clearance from the channel floor and memorize charts, currents and every other possible maritime variable.

The highly specialized role — in which a pilot temporarily takes control of a ship from its regular captain — is coming under the spotlight this week.

Two pilots were at the helm of the cargo ship Dali about 1:25 a.m. Tuesday when it lost power and, minutes later, crashed into a pillar of the Baltimore Francis Scott Key Bridge. That caused the bridge to collapse and kill six construction workers.

The incident will undoubtedly raise larger questions about ship and port safety protocols. But so far, there is no indication the pilots on the Dali did anything wrong given the immediate situation they faced. The ship sent out a mayday call, giving authorities just enough time to close the bridge to traffic and likely prevented further deaths. The lead pilot also dropped an anchor, issued steering commands and called for help from nearby tugboats, according to a preliminary timeline outlined by the National Transportation Safety Board.

But in the end, maritime experts say, there was likely nothing the pilots could have done.

“It’s completely their worst nightmare,” said Capt. Allan Post, the deputy superintendent of the Texas A&M Maritime Academy in Galveston. “It is terrifying to even imagine not being able to control the vessel, and knowing what’s going to happen, and not being able to do anything about it.”

Pilots are local knowledge experts, and they give commands to the bridge team for rudder and engine settings, Post said.

U.S. pilots are typically graduates of maritime academies. They spend many years at sea before they join a lengthy apprentice program, he said. 

“A ship’s captain is a general practitioner, if I was to use a medical term,” Post said. “And a pilot would be a surgeon.”

Ship pilots have been working in the Chesapeake Bay since 1640. The Association of Maryland Pilots currently has 65 active pilots on its books.

The association describes on its website how the bay throws up unique challenges, including that pilots must maneuver container ships that can sit nearly 48 feet (14.6 meters) deep in the water through the main Baltimore shipping channels, which are only 50 feet (15.2 meters) deep.

“Pilots are on the front lines protecting the environmental and ecological balance of the Chesapeake Bay by ensuring the safe passage of these large ships that carry huge quantities of oil and other hazardous materials,” the association says on its site.

The association has issued a statement thanking first responders to the bridge accident. They say its members’ thoughts and prayers are with the families of victims.

There is lucrative pay for pilots because the job comes with plenty of responsibility and risk, Post said.

On a typical day, he said, a pilot might make multiple trips. He or she would be assigned to one ship leaving a port and then disembark to board a second, inbound ship.

He said that of the two pilots assigned to the Dali, one would have been in command. The second would be able to assist if necessary. He said that, typically, the ship’s regular captain would also have been on the bridge, along with one of the watch officers and a couple of other crew.

The NTSB timeline indicated the pilots had less than five minutes from when they first lost power to when the ship struck the pillar.

“They had very little time from the start of the incident until the time they were upon the bridge,” Post said. “I believe the pilots did what they could with the abilities that they had onboard the ship at the time to avoid the collision.”

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